Development of a Mathematics Learning Module Using a Problem-Based Learning Approach for 7th-Grade Junior High School Students
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aimed to develop an effective Problem-Based Learning (PBL)-based Mathematics Learning Module for seventh-grade junior high school (SMP/MTs) students, enhancing the mathematics learning process through a combination of guided instruction and independent study. The research employed the ADDIE development model, which consists of five stages: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. The module content was systematically designed through a needs analysis, conceptual design, prototype development, and formative evaluation. Expert validation results indicated that the PBL-based mathematics module demonstrated good quality in terms of content relevance, instructional design, and usability. It is expected that the developed module will serve as an effective instructional resource, supporting teachers in implementing student-centered learning and promoting students’ active engagement and problem-solving skills in mathematics.
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
-
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
-
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
-
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
References
Alves, P., Miranda, L., Morais, C., & Lopes, J. (2020). The use of instructional modules to promote self-directed learning in mathematics. Education and Information Technologies, 25(4), 3211–3229.
Amalia, E., Surya, E., & Syahputra, E. (2017). The effectiveness of using problem-based learning (PBL) in mathematics problem-solving ability for junior high school students. International Journal of Advanced Research and Innovative Ideas in Education, 3(2), 3402-3406.
Boaler, J. (2016). Mathematical Mindsets: Unleashing Students’ Potential through Creative Math, Inspiring Messages, and Innovative Teaching. Jossey-Bass.
Branch, R. M. (2009). Instructional Design: The ADDIE Approach. Springer.
Clark, R. C., & Mayer, R. E. (2016). E-Learning and the Science of Instruction: Proven Guidelines for Consumers and Designers of Multimedia Learning (4th ed.). Wiley.
Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (1979). Quasi-experimentation: Design & analysis issues for field settings. Houghton Mifflin.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Darling-Hammond, L., Flook, L., Cook-Harvey, C., Barron, B., & Osher, D. (2020). Implications for educational practice of the science of learning and development. Applied Developmental Science, 24(2), 97–140.
Devlin, K. J. (2012). Introduction to Mathematical Thinking (Vol. 331). Palo Alto, CA: Keith Devlin.
Dick, W., Carey, L., & Carey, J. O. (2015). The Systematic Design of Instruction (8th ed.). Pearson.
Dolmans, D. H. J. M., Loyens, S. M. M., Marcq, H., & Gijbels, D. (2016). Deep and surface learning in problem-based learning: A review of the literature. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 21(5), 1087–1112.
Dowker, A., Sarkar, A., & Looi, C. Y. (2016). Mathematics anxiety: What have we learned in 60 years? Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 508. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00508
English, L. D., & Gainsburg, J. (Eds.). (2016). Problem Solving in Mathematics Education. Springer.
Fletcher, J. D., & Tobias, S. (2011). The multimedia principle. In R. E. Mayer (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning (pp. 117–134). Cambridge University Press.
Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H. (2004). School Engagement: The Potential of the Concept and State of the Evidence. Review of Educational Research, 74(1), 59–109.
Freeman, S., Eddy, S. L., McDonough, M., Smith, M. K., Okoroafor, N., Jordt, H., & Wenderoth, M. P. (2014). Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(23), 8410–8415.
Hanushek, E. A., & Woessmann, L. (2023). The Knowledge Capital of Nations: Education and the Economics of Growth. MIT Press.
Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). The power of feedback. Review of Educational Research, 77(1), 81–112.
Hiebert, J., & Grouws, D. A. (2007). The effects of classroom mathematics teaching on students’ learning. In F. Lester (Ed.), Second Handbook of Research on Mathematics Teaching and Learning (pp. 371–404). Information Age Publishing.
Hmelo-Silver, C. E. (2004). Problem-based learning: What and how do students learn? Educational Psychology Review, 16(3), 235–266.
Ifenthaler, D., Yeganeh, A. K., & Eslami, H. (2023). Digital learning resources in mathematics education: A systematic review. Educational Technology Research and Development, 71(2), 523–550.
Jonassen, D. H. (1999). Designing constructivist learning environments. In C. M. Reigeluth (Ed.), Instructional Design Theories and Models: A New Paradigm of Instructional Theory (Vol. II, pp. 215–239). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Jonassen, D. H. (2011). Learning to solve problems: A handbook for designing problem-solving learning environments. Routledge.
Kiemer, K., Gröschner, A., Pehmer, A. K., & Seidel, T. (2015). Effects of a classroom discourse intervention on teachers’ practice and students’ motivation to learn mathematics and science. Learning and Instruction, 35, 94–103.
Kilpatrick, J., Swafford, J., & Findell, B. (Eds.). (2001). Adding It Up: Helping Children Learn Mathematics. National Academy Press.
Lohr, L. L. (2007). Creating Graphics for Learning and Performance: Lessons in Visual Literacy (2nd ed.). Pearson Education.
Loyens, S. M. M., & Gijbels, D. (2005). Effects of Problem-Based Learning: A Meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 78(4), 1105–1141.
Loyens, S. M., Magda, J., & Rikers, R. M. (2008). Self-directed learning in problem-based learning and its relationships with self-regulated learning. Educational Psychology Review, 27(3), 411–427.
Mayer, R. E. (2014). The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Merrill, M. D. (2012). First Principles of Instruction: Identifying and Designing Effective, Efficient, and Engaging Instruction. Pfeiffer.
Middleton, J. A., Jansen, A., & Goldin, G. A. (2017). The complexities of mathematical engagement: Motivation, affect, and social interactions. In Compendium for Research in Mathematics Education (pp. 667–699). NCTM.
Molenda, M. (2003). In search of the elusive ADDIE model. Performance Improvement, 42(5), 34–36.
Moreno, R., & Mayer, R. E. (2007). Interactive multimodal learning environments. Educational Psychology Review, 19(3), 309–326.
Mullis, I. V. S., Martin, M. O., Foy, P., Kelly, D. L., & Fishbein, B. (2020). TIMSS 2019 International Results in Mathematics and Science. IEA.
National Research Council. (2012). Education for Life and Work: Developing Transferable Knowledge and Skills in the 21st Century. National Academies Press.
Nielsen, J. (1994). Usability Engineering. Academic Press.
Niss, M. (2020). What is quality in mathematics education? ZDM Mathematics Education, 52(1), 23–33.
OECD. (2019). PISA 2018 Results (Volume I): What Students Know and Can Do. OECD Publishing.
Ovan, Budiarto, M. T., Fuad, Y., & Mutammam, M. B. (2024). Effectiveness of the problem-based learning model to improve self-regulation and geometry problem-solving abilities of junior high school students. European Journal of Mathematics and Science Education, 5(3), 135-145.
Partnership for 21st Century Learning. (2019). P21 Framework Definitions. Retrieved from [Specify URL/Source if known or remove if not necessary] (Used as a conceptual framework).
Reigeluth, C. M., Beatty, B. J., & Myers, R. D. (Eds.). (2016). Instructional-Design Theories and Models: The Learner-Centered Paradigm of Education (Vol. IV). Routledge.
Reiser, R. A., & Dempsey, J. V. (2017). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology (4th ed.). Pearson Education.
Renninger, K. A., & Hidi, S. (2019). Interest development and its relation to learning: A longitudinal study of learning environments. Educational Psychologist, 54(1), 1–21.
Rittle-Johnson, B., Schneider, M., & Star, J. R. (2015). Not a one-way street: Bidirectional relations between procedural and conceptual knowledge of mathematics. Educational Psychology Review, 27(4), 587–597.
Savery, J. R. (2015). Overview of problem-based learning: Definitions and distinctions. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 9(2), 1–13.
Schiefele, U. (2009). Situational and individual interest. In K. R. Wentzel & A. Wigfield (Eds.), Handbook of Motivation at School (pp. 197–222). Routledge.
Schleicher, A. (2019). PISA 2018: Insights and Interpretations. OECD Publishing.
Schoenfeld, A. H. (2016). Research in mathematics education. In The Cambridge Handbook of the Learning Sciences (pp. 562–582). Cambridge University Press.
Sinatra, G. M., Heddy, B. C., & Lombardi, D. (2015). The challenges of defining and measuring student engagement in science. Educational Psychologist, 50(1), 1–13.
Star, J. R., Rittle-Johnson, B., & Durkin, K. (2016). The nature and development of flexibility in equation solving. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 46, 93–108.
Strobel, J., & van Barneveld, A. (2009). When is PBL more effective? A meta-synthesis of meta-analyses comparing PBL to conventional classrooms. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 3(1), 44–58.
Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive Science, 12(2), 257–285.
Tarmizi, R. A. (2010). Visualizing students’ difficulties in learning mathematics. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 8, 377–383.
UNESCO. (2023). Global Education Monitoring Report 2023. UNESCO Publishing.
Walker, A., Leary, H., Hmelo-Silver, C. E., & Ertmer, P. A. (2015). Essential readings in problem-based learning. Purdue University Press.
Zhang, T., Ding, D., & Chan, K. K. H. (2020). Teacher-centered vs. student-centered: Which teaching approach promotes better learning in science and mathematics? Journal of Education and Learning, 9(3), 54–68.
Zimmerman, B. J. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner: An overview. Theory into Practice, 41(2), 64–70.